Книга пророка Иезекииля, Глава 14, стих 16. Толкования стиха

DELIVERANCE FOR THEM. AUGUSTINE: Daniel is unique in being included among the three just men whom God says he will deliver, doubtless showing three special types of just people, when he says he will so deliver them as not to deliver their children with them, but they only shall be delivered: namely, Noah, Daniel and Job. LETTERS 111.

EXAMPLES OF RIGHTEOUSNESS FOR US. AUGUSTINE: Now I suppose it is not easy to find in God’s Scripture so weighty a testimony of holiness given of any one as what is written of his three servants, Noah, Daniel and Job, whom the prophet Ezekiel describes as the only men able to be delivered from God’s impending wrath. In these three men he no doubt prefigures three kinds of people to be delivered: in Noah, I suppose, are represented righteous leaders of nations, by reason of his government of the ark as a type of the church; in Daniel, people who are righteous in continence; in Job, those who are righteous in wedlock—to say nothing of any other view of the passage, which it is unnecessary now to consider. It is, at any rate, clear from this testimony of the prophet, and from other inspired statements, how eminent were these worthies in righteousness. ON THE MERITS AND FORGIVENESS OF SINS AND ON INFANT BAPTISM 2.12.10.

THE EXAMPLES OF HOLY MEN CHALLENGE US. BEDE: Ezekiel the prophet mystically distinguishes them from one another when he foretells that there are only three men who will be delivered when the time of plagues comes, namely: Noah, Daniel and Job. For surely in Noah, who steered the ark over the waves, he shows those who are set over the church; in Daniel, who was zealous to live continently in the royal court, he shows the continent or virgins; in Job, who while married exhibited a wonderful example of patience to all, he shows the life of the virtuous married people. ON THE TABERNACLE 1.8.25.32.

OUR REPENTANCE A PREREQUISITE. CHRYSOSTOM: No one may despair, though hitherto he may have been careless, of setting his hopes on nothing else, after God’s mercy, but on his own virtue. For if these were no better for such a kindred, even though they were of the same house and lineage with Christ, until they gave proof of virtue, what favor can we possibly receive, when we plead with righteous kin and brethren, unless we are exceedingly dutiful and have lived in virtue?… But even if it is Ezekiel who does the pleading, he will be told, “though Noah comes, and Job and Daniel, they shall deliver neither sons nor daughters.”… For it is true that the prayers of the saints have the greatest power, but only on condition of our repentance and amendment of life. HOMILIES ON THE GOSPEL OF MATTHEW 5.7.

CHALLENGED BY HOLINESS. CHRYSOSTOM: Considering all these things, let us prepare for our departure from here. For even if the day of general consummation never comes to us, the end of each one is at the doors, whether they are old or young; and it is not possible for people, after they have gone from here, either to buy oil any more or to obtain pardon by prayers, though he who does the pleading be Abraham, or Noah, or Job or Daniel. While we have opportunity, let us store up for ourselves beforehand much confidence, let us gather oil in abundance, let us remove all into heaven, that in the fitting time, and when we most need them, we may enjoy all; by the grace and love toward people. HOMILIES ON THE GOSPEL OF MATTHEW 20.6.

HOLY DEEDS NECESSARY. PSEUDO-CLEMENT: Yes, if we do the will of Christ, we shall find rest, but if not, nothing will save us from eternal punishment, if we fail to heed his commands. Furthermore, the Scripture also says in Ezekiel, “ Though Noah and Jacob and Daniel should rise, they shall not save their children in captivity.” If even such upright men as these cannot save their children by their uprightness, what assurance have we that we shall enter God’s kingdom if we fail to keep our baptism pure and undefiled? Or who will plead for us if we are not found to have holy and upright deeds? 2 CLEMENT 6.7-9.

THE GOOD PERSON CANNOT SAVE THE WICKED. SALVIAN THE PRESBYTER: It is a crime, unbearably conceited and enormously wicked, that anyone should think himself so good that he supposes the wicked can be saved through him. God, speaking of a certain land and a sinful people, said, “If these three men, Noah, Daniel and Job, shall be in it, they shall deliver neither sons or daughters; but they only shall be delivered.” I think that nobody would be so presumptuous as to dare to compare himself with such men. Though a person tries to please God in this world, it is the greatest kind of unrighteousness to boast of his own righteousness. Hope is therefore removed in that false opinion by which we believe that a countless multitude of the damned can be saved by the intercession in this world of a few good people. THE GOVERNANCE OF GOD 3.11.

Особенный интерес представляют 14-я и перекликающаяся с ней 18-я главы. Они учат об индивидуальной ответственности за грехи. Здесь отражена новая ступень в развитии нравственного учения Ветхого Завета. В древних книгах человек, обыкновенно, рассматривается в совокупности с семьей, племенем, нацией. Ной (Быт.6:18) спасается вместе со своей семьей; Авраам, призванный Богом (Быт.12), уводит за собой в Ханаан весь род. Поэтому и ответственность и воздаяние понимались, как коллективные. Авраам (Быт.18:22–23) ходатайствует за Содом не для того только, чтобы праведные были пощажены, но и для того, чтобы в силу солидарности всего рода человеческого они избавили и злых от заслуженного наказания.

Пророки же поставили во главу угла индивидуальное начало и этим возвысили и дополнили древние принципы. Уже во Второзаконии (24:16; ср. 4Цар.14:6) утверждается, что нельзя наказывать сыновей за отцов. Видение, бывшее Иезекиилю (8–10) убедило его в том, что мера наказания, предстоящего Иерусалиму, соответствует степени его теперешних грехов. Так пророк становится провозвестником личной ответственности. Спасение человека или его гибель зависит не от его предков и близких. Бог смотрит прежде всего на личное сердечное расположение человека. Иудеи же придавали слишком большое значение коллективной ответственности, и потому современники пророка утверждали, что они несут наказание за грехи предыдущих поколений. «Отцы ели кислый виноград, а у детей на зубах оскомина» – говорили они. Иезекииль же утверждает обратное: каждый человек отвечает за свои дела и поступки. «Душа согрешающая; она умрет: сын не понесет вины отца, и отец не понесет вины сына» (18–20).

Человек не только свободен от грехов отца, но даже может освободиться от своих собственных беззаконий, если он покается и исправится (стих 23).

Авва Пимен говорил: «Нищета, скорбь, теснота и пост – вот работные орудия доброго воина Христова. В Писании сказано: аще будут сии трие мужие... Ное и Даниил и Иов ... живу Аз, глаголет Адонаи Господь ... тии же во правде своей спасутся... (Иез. 14:14, 20). Ной изображает собой нестяжательность, Иов – терпение, Даниил – рассудительность. Если сии три добродетели есть в человеке, то Господь обитает в нем».