Книга пророка Иезекииля, Глава 34, стих 4. Толкования стиха

THE FEEBLE NEED ATTENTION. AUGUSTINE: As regards the feeble it is to be feared that some trial may happen to him and break him. But the sick person is already ill with some kind of greed and prevented by some kind of greed from entering on the way of God, from submitting to the yoke of Christ. Think of people who want to lead a good life, who are already determined to lead a good life and are less capable of enduring evil, while they are quite ready to do good. But it is part of a Christian’s strength not only to do what is good but also to put up with what is bad. SERMON 46.13.

SHEPHERDS MUST FEED THE FLOCK. AUGUSTINE: The shepherds who feed themselves and not the sheep are being told what they are diligent about and what they are negligent about. SERMON 46.3.

LOOK OUT FOR THE STRONG. AUGUSTINE: If I do not worry about the one that strays and gets lost, even the one that is strong will think it is rather fun to stray and get lost. I do indeed desire outward gains, but I am more afraid of inner losses. SERMON 46.15.

THE ABBOT’S CARE OF THE COMMUNITY. BENEDICT: It is the abbot’s responsibility to have great concern and to act with all speed, discernment and diligence in order not to lose any of the sheep entrusted to him. He should realize that he has undertaken care of the sick, not tyranny over the healthy. RULE OF ST. BENEDICT 27.5-6.

PASTORAL CARE BRINGS BACK THE CASTAWAY. GREGORY THE GREAT: When any one who has fallen into sin is recalled to a state of righteousness by the vigor of pastoral care, one who had been cast away is brought back. As a ligature binds a fracture, so discipline subdues a sin, in order that the wound’s bleeding should not lead to death for lack of sufficient compression. But often a fracture is made worse, when it is bound together without sufficient care such that the cut is more severely felt from being bound too tightly. PASTORAL RULE 2.6.

WATCHFUL SHEPHERD. CHRYSOSTOM: Do you see a shepherd’s vigilance? Do you see his heightened interest? What excuse could they have to whom rational flocks are entrusted but who are guilty of great negligence and day after day, in the prophet’s words, slaughter some of them and look on without intending to take any care of others made the prey of wild beasts or the spoils of other people—even when the labor involved is slight and attention easy? It is a soul, after all, that is to be instructed; but that involves much labor for body and soul. HOMILIES ON GENESIS 57.32.

CHRIST THE GOOD SHEPHERD. CHRYSOSTOM: Christ showed that he was different from those who neglect the flock when it is being preyed on by wolves, since he did not neglect them and even laid down his life for them so that the sheep might not perish. HOMILIES ON THE GOSPEL OF JOHN 60.

SHEPHERDS ARE PILOTS TOO. CAESARIUS OF ARLES: Since we have been appointed by the Lord to direct the ship of his church, let us with his help and the direction of the two Testaments so govern the ship of his church that we may not through some negligence turn aside either to the right or to the left but may without effort keep a straight course of life in the midst of the great dangers of this world. Just as any ship cannot gather earthly profits without many labors, so the ship of the church cannot obtain the gains and joy of the eternal homeland without many tribulations. For just as pilots of ships, if they fail to be alert because of an excessive desire for sleep or false sense of security and do not show the sailors what they should do, immediately suffer shipwreck, so unless the church’s pilots with all vigilance teach, terrify, sometimes even censure and occasionally punish lightly, at times even threatening the day of judgment with severity and thus showing how to keep the straight path of eternal life, it is to be feared that they will receive judgment where they might have had a remedy. For this reason, with the inspiration and assistance of the Lord, let us endeavor as far as it lies in our power to inform by word and example the people entrusted to our care. SERMONS 1.19.

SHEPHERDS MUST NOT BE NEGLIGENT. CYPRIAN: And since it is incumbent on us who seem to be in charge and in the place of shepherds to guard the flock, if we should be found negligent, what will be said to us was said to our predecessors who were such negligent leaders. LETTER 8.1.

THE WOUNDED SHEEP MUST BE CARED FOR. CYPRIAN: If we scorn the repentance of those who have in some degree the assurance of a bearable conscience, immediately they are drawn by the devil’s invitation into heresy or schism with their wife and children, whom they had kept unharmed. And it will be charged against us on judgment day that we have not cared for the wounded sheep and have lost many innocent ones because of one wounded. LETTER 55.15.

По повелению Божию пророк Иезекииль произнес обличительную речь против пастырей израильских и утешительную для пленного народа. Речь эта произнесена была тогда, когда и те, и другие ощутили всю горечь плена.

Пастыри обвинялись в том, что они не исполняли своих обязанностей, а «пасли самих себя», т.е. заботились только о получении материальной выгоды от стада. При этом они обращались с пасомыми с высокомерием и жестокостью. Вследствие нерадения пастырей овцы рассеялись и стали добычей хищных полевых зверей (1–10).

Пророк обличает пастырей за их недостойный образ жизни: «Вы ели тук, и волной одевались, откормленных овец заколали, а стада не пасли...», за неисполнение прямых своих обязанностей: «Слабых не укрепляли (ср. Рим.14:1), больных не врачевали, пораненных не перевязывали, угнанной не возвращали и, потерянной не искали» (4). Здесь следует прежде всего понимать духовные недуги овец словесного стада: слабость веры или маловерие, различного рода грехи и пороки, из-за которых душа человека духовно умирает.

Из числа обязанностей, которые обличаемые пастыри исполняли не как следовало, названы следующие: управление паствой с насилием, т.е. людей нравственно сильных, способных к подвигам пастыри обременяли неумеренными требованиями и обязанностями (ср. «Связывают бремена тяжелые и неудобоносимые и возлагают на плечи людям; а сами не хотят и перстом двинуть их» (Мф.23:4). Пастырь обязан видеть возможности своих духовных детей и возлагать на каждого не более того, сколько он может понести.

Пастыри обличаются за жестокость. Порок никогда не искоренишь жестокостью, то есть явным обнаружением своего господства и власти. Евангелие учит пастырей употреблять для «исправления дух кротости» (1Петр.5:3; Мк.3:44. ср. Сир.3:18–32,1).

7–10. Господь через пророка клятвенно обещает, что новые пастыри ответят перед Ним за погибших овец. «...И не дам им более пасти овец, и не будут более пастыри пасти самих себя...», т.е. отнимается у них стадо, а с ним и благоденствие.