Книга пророка Иезекииля, Глава 14, стих 20. Толкования стиха

THE EXAMPLES OF HOLY MEN CHALLENGE US. BEDE: Ezekiel the prophet mystically distinguishes them from one another when he foretells that there are only three men who will be delivered when the time of plagues comes, namely: Noah, Daniel and Job. For surely in Noah, who steered the ark over the waves, he shows those who are set over the church; in Daniel, who was zealous to live continently in the royal court, he shows the continent or virgins; in Job, who while married exhibited a wonderful example of patience to all, he shows the life of the virtuous married people. ON THE TABERNACLE 1.8.25.32.

OUR REPENTANCE A PREREQUISITE. CHRYSOSTOM: No one may despair, though hitherto he may have been careless, of setting his hopes on nothing else, after God’s mercy, but on his own virtue. For if these were no better for such a kindred, even though they were of the same house and lineage with Christ, until they gave proof of virtue, what favor can we possibly receive, when we plead with righteous kin and brethren, unless we are exceedingly dutiful and have lived in virtue?… But even if it is Ezekiel who does the pleading, he will be told, “though Noah comes, and Job and Daniel, they shall deliver neither sons nor daughters.”… For it is true that the prayers of the saints have the greatest power, but only on condition of our repentance and amendment of life. HOMILIES ON THE GOSPEL OF MATTHEW 5.7.

CHALLENGED BY HOLINESS. CHRYSOSTOM: Considering all these things, let us prepare for our departure from here. For even if the day of general consummation never comes to us, the end of each one is at the doors, whether they are old or young; and it is not possible for people, after they have gone from here, either to buy oil any more or to obtain pardon by prayers, though he who does the pleading be Abraham, or Noah, or Job or Daniel. While we have opportunity, let us store up for ourselves beforehand much confidence, let us gather oil in abundance, let us remove all into heaven, that in the fitting time, and when we most need them, we may enjoy all; by the grace and love toward people. HOMILIES ON THE GOSPEL OF MATTHEW 20.6.

WE SHALL IMITATE THE VIRTUES OF FOREBEARS. CHRYSOSTOM: There will be no one then, the text is saying, able to rescue from there a victim of his own indifference, whether brother or father or mother. Why do I say brother or father or mother? Not even the just themselves, who have good grounds for confidence, will be of any assistance to us then if we have now been guilty of indifference…. See the magnitude of the threat and the kind of just people he brought forward as examples. These men, you see, at a critical time proved a source of salvation even to others: Noah saved his wife and sons when that terrible deluge overwhelmed the world; Job likewise proved a source of salvation even to others; and Daniel rescued many from death when that awful barbarian in his quest for things beyond human nature wanted to do away with the Chaldeans, the magi and Gazarenes…. Rather, we should make this alone the object of attention: if we have virtuous forebears, to imitate their virtue; if the contrary is true and we come from disreputable forebears, not to think any handicap results from this but to fall to the labors virtue involves, no harm ensuing from this, to be sure. HOMILIES ON GENESIS 43.6-7.

BEING DESCENDANTS IS NOT ENOUGH. JUSTIN MARTYR: You are sadly mistaken if you think that just because you are descendants of Abraham according to the flesh you will share in the legacy of benefits that God promised would be distributed by Christ. No one can in any way participate in any of these gifts, except those who have the same ardent faith as Abraham and who approve of all the mysteries…. As people who have cut your souls off from this hope, it is necessary that you know how to obtain pardon of your sins and a hope of sharing in the promised blessings. There is no other way than this, that you come to know our Christ, be baptized with the baptism that cleanses you of sin (as Isaiah testified) and thus live a life free of sin. DIALOGUE WITH TRYPHO 44.

FAITHLESS SINNERS CANNOT RELY ON THEIR ANCESTORS. JUSTIN MARTYR: Those teachers deceive both themselves and you when they suppose that those who are descendants of Abraham according to the flesh will most surely share in the eternal kingdom, even though they are faithless sinners and disobedient to God, suppositions that the Scriptures show have no foundation in fact. DIALOGUE WITH TRYPHO 140.

Особенный интерес представляют 14-я и перекликающаяся с ней 18-я главы. Они учат об индивидуальной ответственности за грехи. Здесь отражена новая ступень в развитии нравственного учения Ветхого Завета. В древних книгах человек, обыкновенно, рассматривается в совокупности с семьей, племенем, нацией. Ной (Быт.6:18) спасается вместе со своей семьей; Авраам, призванный Богом (Быт.12), уводит за собой в Ханаан весь род. Поэтому и ответственность и воздаяние понимались, как коллективные. Авраам (Быт.18:22–23) ходатайствует за Содом не для того только, чтобы праведные были пощажены, но и для того, чтобы в силу солидарности всего рода человеческого они избавили и злых от заслуженного наказания.

Пророки же поставили во главу угла индивидуальное начало и этим возвысили и дополнили древние принципы. Уже во Второзаконии (24:16; ср. 4Цар.14:6) утверждается, что нельзя наказывать сыновей за отцов. Видение, бывшее Иезекиилю (8–10) убедило его в том, что мера наказания, предстоящего Иерусалиму, соответствует степени его теперешних грехов. Так пророк становится провозвестником личной ответственности. Спасение человека или его гибель зависит не от его предков и близких. Бог смотрит прежде всего на личное сердечное расположение человека. Иудеи же придавали слишком большое значение коллективной ответственности, и потому современники пророка утверждали, что они несут наказание за грехи предыдущих поколений. «Отцы ели кислый виноград, а у детей на зубах оскомина» – говорили они. Иезекииль же утверждает обратное: каждый человек отвечает за свои дела и поступки. «Душа согрешающая; она умрет: сын не понесет вины отца, и отец не понесет вины сына» (18–20).

Человек не только свободен от грехов отца, но даже может освободиться от своих собственных беззаконий, если он покается и исправится (стих 23).