Толкование Книга Премудрости Соломона, Глава 7: Августин Иппонийский блаженный

THE SPIRIT TEACHES US HOW TO TEACH. AUGUSTINE: Since concerning everything that must be explained in the light of faith and love, there are many things to say and many ways in which experts can speak about them, who knows, at the present moment, what would be useful for us to say or to hear, except the one who sees the hearts of all? And who makes us say what should be said, in the right way, if not him in whose hands are both we and all of our words? Therefore, even if one learns everything there is to teach, all that he ever wanted to know and teach, and acquires the ability to speak, as is appropriate to a church leader—when the moment comes to speak, he should remember that what the Lord says is more fitting than all his valid arguments. “Do not worry about how and what you are to say, because what you are to say will be given you in that moment. Indeed, it will not be you who are speaking but the Spirit of your Father who speaks in you.” If, then, the Holy Spirit speaks in those who have been handed over to persecution for Christ, why would he not also do so in those who hand over doctrine to those who want to know Christ? CHRISTIAN INSTRUCTION 4.15.32.

Теперь нам нужно будет приложить гораздо больше усилий мысли, нежели прежде, при решении прежних вопросов и изложении прежних книг. Предстоит вести речь о теологии, которую называют естественной, и вести ее не с какими-нибудь людьми (ибо это – теология не баснословная или гражданская, т. е. не театральная или государственная, из которых первой выставляются напоказ преступления богов, а другая обнаруживает еще более преступные желания этих же богов, и, таким образом, представляет в их лице скорее демонов, чем богов), но с философами, само имя которых, если мы переведем его на латынь, означает любовь к мудрости. Но если Премудрость есть Бог, через Которого все сотворено, как свидетельствуют о том божественное Писание и истина (Прем. 7:24-27; Евр. 1:2-3), то истинный философ – это любитель Бога. Но поскольку сама та вещь, которой свойственно это имя, существует не во всех, кого величают этим именем (ибо не всегда бывают любителями истинной мудрости те, которые называют себя философами), то из общего числа тех, мнения которых мы могли узнать из их сочинений, следует выбрать только таких, с которыми стоило бы вести рассуждение по данному вопросу. Ибо я не ставил задачей настоящего сочинения опровергать всякие пустые мнения всех вообще философов, но только те мнения, которые касаются теологии, понимаемой, согласно значению греческого слова, как учение или речь о божестве; и притом мнения не всех, а только тех, которые, хотя и признают, что божество существует и печется о человеческом, однако же полагают, что почитание единого неизменяемого Бога недостаточно для достижения даже после смерти блаженной жизни, а следует почитать многих, как от этого же Единого сотворенных и установленных.

WISDOM IS EVERYWHERE. AUGUSTINE: After many descriptive phrases it says of the Spirit of wisdom, “Acute, mobile, certain, immaculate.” Thus the Wisdom of God is also mobile. Now, if it is mobile, when it dwells in one place, does it perhaps not dwell in another? Or if it is here, does it depart from there? What, then, about speed? Its speed derives from this: that it is always everywhere, and nothing can contain it. But we are incapable of thinking of such things—we are slow. Who could ever think of them? In fact, brothers and sisters, I have said something to you as best I can (if I have in fact understood something), and likewise you have understood as best you can. But what does the apostle say? “To him who can accomplish more than all we can ask or think.” What can we deduce from this? That even when we understand, we do not understand how things really are, objectively. Why is this? “The corruptible body weighs down the soul.” Therefore, as long as we are on earth we will be cold, whereas speed burns with heat—and all hot things are fast, but what is cold is slow. We are slow, and thus cold, while Wisdom runs at the maximum limit of speed. It is therefore exceedingly hot, and no one can escape its heat. EXPOSITIONS OF THE PSALMS 147.22.

THE TRINITY COMPARED WITH THE SUN. AUGUSTINE: Look at God, contemplate the Word, and unite yourself intimately to the Word who speaks. His word is not comprised of syllables; rather, his word is the resplendent brightness of wisdom. It is said of his wisdom that “it is the splendor of the eternal light.” Observe the splendor of the sun. The sun is in the heavens and pours its splendor on all the earth and over all the seas, yet its light is only corporeal. If you could separate the sun’s splendor from the sun itself, so also could you separate the Word from the Father. I have spoken of the sun. A weak little flame from a lamp, however, which can be blown out with a breath, also sheds its light all around. See the light given off by the flame. See that it originates from the flame—you do not see the light without the flame. Convince yourselves, then, beloved brothers and sisters, that the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit are inseparably united among themselves and that this Trinity is one God—and that all of the works of this one God are works of the Father, of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. TRACTATES ON THE GOSPEL OF JOHN 20.13.

THE SPIRITUAL LIGHT CREATED BY GOD. AUGUSTINE: If spiritual light was created when God said, “Let there be light,” you must not think that this was the true light, coeternal with the Father, through whom all things were created and who enlightens every person. Rather, it was that light of which Scripture could say, “Among all things, Wisdom was created first.” In fact, when that eternal and immutable Wisdom, which is not created but generated, communicates itself to spiritual and rational creatures—as to holy souls so that, enlightened, they might shine—he constitutes in them, so to speak, a state of enlightened reason that can be understood as the creation of the light when God said, “Let there be light!” If there already existed a spiritual creature called by the name “heavens” in the passage where it is written, “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth,” these heavens are not the corporeal heavens but the incorporeal. They are superior to any body, not by the ordering of space into levels but because of the exceeding dignity of their nature. ON GENESIS 1.17.32.

THANKS TO THE PROPHETS, WE BELIEVE IN GOD. AUGUSTINE: The world is the greatest of the visible beings. God is the greatest of the invisible beings. But we see that the world exists, and we believe that God exists. No one makes us believe with more certainty that God created the world than God himself. And when did we hear this? Nowhere better than in the holy Scriptures, where his prophet said, “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.” Was this prophet perhaps present when God created the heavens and the earth? No. But the Wisdom of God was there, through whom all things were made. Entering holy souls, this Wisdom makes friends of God and prophets, silently making her works known in them. With them the angels of God also speak, who always see the face of the Father, and communicate his will to those to whom it must be communicated. And one of these was this prophet who said and wrote, “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.” And this is a text so trustworthy for belief in God that, thanks to the same Spirit of God through whom he knew these revealed things, he also predicted, long ago, the advent of our faith. CITY OF GOD 11.4.1.

WISDOM SPOKE TO ADAM. AUGUSTINE: If Adam had been capable of understanding the word that God communicates to angelic spirits through his own essence, it cannot be doubted that God, without being moved himself through time, would have moved Adam’s spirit in a mysterious and ineffable way. He would have taught him a useful and salutary precept of truth and, by the same Truth, what punishment awaited its transgressor. This is how all the salutary precepts of unchanging Wisdom that are communicated to holy souls at particular moments, at this or that time, should be seen and understood. If, however, Adam was righteous only to the extent that he still needed another holier and wiser creature through whom he would come to know the will and command of God (as we have had need of the prophets, and they of the angels), why should we doubt that God would have spoken to him through such a creature, using a language that Adam could understand? ON GENESIS 8.27.50.

GOD ALSO LOVES BABIES. AUGUSTINE: In your opinion, even those who are born foolish—whom sacred Scripture says should be pitied more than the dead—receive their foolishness as fate from God their creator. But even with these, God undoubtedly loves their souls in some way, because they exist, live and feel, and in any case they are greater than beasts, even if they are dull-minded souls. But that love is different, of which it is written, “God loves no one so much as the one who lives with wisdom.” You, however, ask why God has more love for the souls of babies, for whom he provides the washing of regeneration, sending them to the kingdom, and why would he not give this benefit to others, since babies have no merits of the will to distinguish them, nor is there preference of persons with God. This is a completely stupid argument, which you are always bringing up to us. That where it was said, “You love souls,” it did not say “all souls,” there is no question. Perhaps it was said this way in the sense that God creates all souls but loves only those whom he distinguishes from the others, not based on their merits but by the generosity of his grace, so that they might live with wisdom, as it is written, “God loves no one so much as the one who lives with wisdom—but the Lord gives the wisdom!” UNFINISHED TRACTATE AGAINST JULIAN 4.125.